# std::islower

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< cpp‎ | string‎ | byte

Defined in header `<cctype>` |  |
int islower( int ch ); |  |

Checks if the given character is classified as a lowercase character according to the current C locale. In the default "C" locale, `std::islower` returns a nonzero value only for the lowercase letters (`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz`).

If `islower` returns a nonzero value, it is guaranteed that std::iscntrl, std::isdigit, std::ispunct, and std::isspace return zero for the same character in the same C locale.

The behavior is undefined if the value of ch is not representable as unsigned char and is not equal to EOF.

### Parameters

ch | - | character to classify

### Return value

Non-zero value if the character is a lowercase letter, zero otherwise.

### Notes

Like all other functions from `<cctype>`, the behavior of `std::islower` is undefined if the argument's value is neither representable as unsigned char nor equal to EOF. To use these functions safely with plain chars (or signed chars), the argument should first be converted to unsigned char:

    bool my_islower(char ch)
    {
        return std::islower(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch));
    }

Similarly, they should not be directly used with standard algorithms when the iterator's value type is char or signed char. Instead, convert the value to unsigned char first:

    int count_lowers(const std::string& s)
    {
        return std::count_if(s.begin(), s.end(),
                          // static_cast<int(*)(int)>(std::islower)         // wrong
                          // [](int c){ return std::islower(c); }           // wrong
                          // [](char c){ return std::islower(c); }          // wrong
                             [](unsigned char c){ return std::islower(c); } // correct
                            );
    }

### Example

Run this code

    #include <cctype>
    #include <clocale>
    #include <iostream>

    int main()
    {
        unsigned char c = '\xe5'; // letter å in ISO-8859-1

        std::cout << "islower(\'\\xe5\', default C locale) returned "
                  << std::boolalpha << (bool)std::islower(c) << '\n';

        std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_GB.iso88591");
        std::cout << "islower(\'\\xe5\', ISO-8859-1 locale) returned "
                  << std::boolalpha << (bool)std::islower(c) << '\n';

    }

Possible output:

    islower('\xe5', default C locale) returned false
    islower('\xe5', ISO-8859-1 locale) returned true

### See also

islower(std::locale) | checks if a character is classified as lowercase by a locale (function template)
iswlower | checks if a wide character is lowercase (function)
C documentation for islower

ASCII values | characters | `iscntrl` `iswcntrl` | `isprint` `iswprint` | `isspace` `iswspace` | `isblank` `iswblank` | `isgraph` `iswgraph` | `ispunct` `iswpunct` | `isalnum` `iswalnum` | `isalpha` `iswalpha` | `isupper` `iswupper` | `islower` `iswlower` | `isdigit` `iswdigit` | `isxdigit` `iswxdigit`
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
decimal | hexadecimal | octal
0–8 | `\x0`–`\x8` | `\0`–`\10` | control codes (`NUL`, etc.) | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
9 | `\x9` | `\11` | tab (`\t`) | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
10–13 | `\xA`–`\xD` | `\12`–`\15` | whitespaces (`\n`, `\v`, `\f`, `\r`) | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
14–31 | `\xE`–`\x1F` | `\16`–`\37` | control codes | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
32 | `\x20` | `\40` | space | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
33–47 | `\x21`–`\x2F` | `\41`–`\57` | `!"#$%&'()*+,-./` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
48–57 | `\x30`–`\x39` | `\60`–`\71` | `0123456789` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0`
58–64 | `\x3A`–`\x40` | `\72`–`\100` | `:;<=>?@` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
65–70 | `\x41`–`\x46` | `\101`–`\106` | `ABCDEF` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0`
71–90 | `\x47`–`\x5A` | `\107`–`\132` | `GHIJKLMNOP` `QRSTUVWXYZ` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
91–96 | `\x5B`–`\x60` | `\133`–`\140` | `[\]^_`` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
97–102 | `\x61`–`\x66` | `\141`–`\146` | `abcdef` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0`
103–122 | `\x67`–`\x7A` | `\147`–`\172` | `ghijklmnop` `qrstuvwxyz` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0`
123–126 | `\x7B`–`\x7E` | `\172`–`\176` | `{|}~` | `0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `≠0` | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`
127 | `\x7F` | `\177` | backspace character (`DEL`) | `≠0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0` | `0`

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