# std::ranges::views::join, std::ranges::join_view

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | ranges

Defined in header `<ranges>` |  |
template< ranges::input_range V > requires ranges::view <V> and ranges::input_range < ranges::range_reference_t <V>> class join_view : public ranges::view_interface <join_view<V>> | (1) | (since C++20)
namespace views { inline constexpr /* unspecified */ join = /* unspecified */; } | (2) | (since C++20)
Call signature |  |
template< ranges::viewable_range R > requires /* see below */ constexpr ranges::view auto join( R&& r ); |  | (since C++20)

1) A range adaptor that represents `view` consisting of the sequence obtained from flattening a view of ranges.
2) RangeAdaptorObject (and also RangeAdaptorClosureObject). The expression views::join(e) is expression-equivalent to join_view< views::all_t <decltype((e))>>{e} for any suitable subexpressions e.

`join_view` models `input_range`.

`join_view` models `forward_range` when:

- ranges::range_reference_t <V> is a reference type, and
- V and ranges::range_reference_t <V> each model `forward_range`.

`join_view` models `bidirectional_range` when:

- ranges::range_reference_t <V> is a reference type,
- V models `bidirectional_range`, and
- ranges::range_reference_t <V> models both `bidirectional_range` and `common_range`.

`join_view` models `common_range` when:

- ranges::range_reference_t <V> is a reference type, and
- V and ranges::range_reference_t <V> each model `forward_range` and `common_range`.

### Member functions

(constructor) | constructs a `join_view` (public member function)
base | returns a copy of the underlying (adapted) view (public member function)
begin | returns an iterator to the beginning (public member function)
end | returns an iterator or a sentinel to the end (public member function)

##### Inherited from std::ranges::view_interface

empty | returns whether the derived view is empty. Provided if it satisfies `sized_range` or `forward_range`. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)
cbegin (C++23) | returns a constant iterator to the beginning of the range. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)
cend (C++23) | returns a sentinel for the constant iterator of the range. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)
operator bool | returns whether the derived view is not empty. Provided if ranges::empty is applicable to it. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)
front | returns the first element in the derived view. Provided if it satisfies `forward_range`. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)
back | returns the last element in the derived view. Provided if it satisfies `bidirectional_range` and `common_range`. (public member function of `std::ranges::view_interface<D>`)

### Deduction guides

### Nested classes

iterator | the iterator type (exposition-only member class template*)
sentinel | the sentinel type (exposition-only member class template*)

### Notes

Before P2328R1 was adopted, the inner range type (ranges::range_reference_t <V>) cannot be a container type (but can be reference to container). For example, it was not allowed to join a `transform_view` of std::string prvalue.

    struct Person { int age; std::string name; };

    auto f(std::vector<Person>& v) {
    //  return v | std::views::transform([](auto& p){ return p.name; })
    //           | std::views::join; // error before P2328R1
        return v | std::views::transform([](auto& p) -> std::string& { return p.name; })
                 | std::views::join; // OK
    }

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <ranges>
    #include <string_view>
    #include <vector>

    int main()
    {
        using namespace std::literals;

        const auto bits = {"https:"sv, "//"sv, "cppreference"sv, "."sv, "com"sv};
        for (char const c : bits | std::views::join)
            std::cout << c;
        std::cout << '\n';

        const std::vector<std::vector<int>> v{{1, 2}, {3, 4, 5}, {6}, {7, 8, 9}};
        auto jv = std::ranges::join_view(v);
        for (int const e : jv)
            std::cout << e << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';
    }

Output:

    https://cppreference.com
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

### Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
LWG 3474 | C++20 | views::join(e) returned a copy of e when e is a `join_view` | returns a nested `join_view`
P2328R1 | C++20 | non-view `range` prvalues could not be joined by `join_view` | made joinable

### See also

ranges::join_with_viewviews::join_with (C++23) | a `view` consisting of the sequence obtained from flattening a view of ranges, with the delimiter in between elements (class template) (range adaptor object)
ranges::concat_viewviews::concat (C++26) | a `view` consisting of concatenation of the adapted views (class template) (customization point object)

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